Back to BenchmarksBC Survival Benchmark
BC Survival BenchmarkpathologysurvivalH&E
Multi-cohort benchmark by Gustafsson et al. (2026) evaluating 13 pathology foundation models on breast cancer survival prediction (RFS and PFS) across three independent Swedish clinical cohorts (N=5,434 patients). Models are assessed on all patients and on the ER+ & HER2− subgroup, using concordance index (C-index) as the primary metric.
13 models evaluated
4 tasks
Organs:
breast
Detailed Results
C-index with 95% bootstrap confidence intervals across 4 evaluation settings (RFS/PFS × all patients / ER+ & HER2− subgroup).
| Model | Average rank | Mean C-index | RFS (All patients) C-index (95% CI) | RFS (ER+ & HER2−) C-index (95% CI) | PFS (All patients) C-index (95% CI) | PFS (ER+ & HER2−) C-index (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.50 | 0.680 | 0.678 (0.656–0.700) | 0.670 (0.645–0.695) | 0.702 (0.666–0.737) | 0.670 (0.626–0.715) | |
| 3.25 | 0.675 | 0.676 (0.653–0.698) | 0.668 (0.642–0.693) | 0.692 (0.655–0.728) | 0.666 (0.619–0.711) | |
| 4.50 | 0.670 | 0.664 (0.642–0.686) | 0.660 (0.633–0.685) | 0.686 (0.651–0.722) | 0.670 (0.624–0.714) | |
| 4.75 | 0.671 | 0.660 (0.637–0.683) | 0.651 (0.625–0.676) | 0.695 (0.660–0.729) | 0.680 (0.636–0.721) | |
5UNI2 | 5.00 | 0.667 | 0.667 (0.644–0.689) | 0.663 (0.637–0.688) | 0.683 (0.647–0.719) | 0.657 (0.611–0.702) |
| 5.25 | 0.669 | 0.675 (0.653–0.698) | 0.665 (0.639–0.690) | 0.681 (0.645–0.718) | 0.655 (0.608–0.700) | |
| 6.00 | 0.667 | 0.656 (0.633–0.679) | 0.639 (0.613–0.665) | 0.695 (0.660–0.729) | 0.678 (0.634–0.720) | |
| 6.75 | 0.663 | 0.663 (0.641–0.685) | 0.657 (0.631–0.681) | 0.675 (0.639–0.710) | 0.656 (0.612–0.700) | |
| 7.50 | 0.659 | 0.663 (0.640–0.686) | 0.657 (0.631–0.682) | 0.673 (0.636–0.710) | 0.641 (0.594–0.687) | |
10UNI | 9.50 | 0.654 | 0.657 (0.635–0.680) | 0.648 (0.622–0.674) | 0.671 (0.634–0.708) | 0.638 (0.592–0.683) |
| 11.50 | 0.632 | 0.632 (0.609–0.655) | 0.627 (0.601–0.652) | 0.647 (0.609–0.686) | 0.622 (0.573–0.670) | |
12RetCCL | 12.00 | 0.628 | 0.645 (0.622–0.668) | 0.636 (0.609–0.662) | 0.627 (0.589–0.666) | 0.604 (0.555–0.653) |
| 12.50 | 0.611 | 0.612 (0.588–0.635) | 0.600 (0.572–0.627) | 0.628 (0.590–0.666) | 0.606 (0.557–0.655) |