Histoboard

Models

Browse 48 pathology foundation models and their benchmark performance

(48/48 models)

Atlas

Aignostics

Closed Source
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-H/14
Parameters
632M
Training Method
DINOv2
Training Data
1.2M+ WSIs
Release Date
2025-01

Benchmark Rankings

Patho-Bench: 4/5
PathoROB: 5/23
Paper

Atlas 2

Aignostics

Closed Source
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-G/8
Parameters
2.0B
Training Method
DINOv2
Training Data
5.5M+ WSIs
Release Date
2026-01

Benchmark Rankings

🥇Patho-Bench: 1/5
🥇PathoROB: 1/23
Paper

CHIEF

Harvard Medical School

Open Source
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
Swin-T (CTransPath)
Parameters
28M
Training Method
Contrastive (SRCL) + Weakly supervised (CLIP)
Training Data
60K+ WSIs
Release Date
2024-09

Benchmark Rankings

HKUST PathBench: 17/21
Paper
Weights

Ciga

University of Toronto

Open Source
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
ResNet-18
Parameters
11.7M
Training Method
SimCLR
Training Data
25K+ WSIs
Release Date
2022-01

Benchmark Rankings

PathoROB: 23/23
Paper
Weights

CONCH

Mahmood Lab

Non-Commercial
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
ViT-B/16
Parameters
86M
Training Method
CoCa, iBOT
Training Data
1.17M image-caption pairs
Release Date
2024-03

Benchmark Rankings

HKUST PathBench: 9/21
Stanford PathBench: 12/22
HEST: 16/25
🥇STAMP: 1/13
THUNDER: 16/23
PathoROB: 9/23
🥉Plismbench: 3/16
PFM-DenseBench: 11/17
BC Survival: 8/13
Paper
Code
Weights

CONCH 1.5

Mahmood Lab

Non-Commercial
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
ViT-L/16
Parameters
307M
Training Method
CoCa, iBOT
Training Data
335K+ WSIs
Release Date
2024-09

Benchmark Rankings

HKUST PathBench: 11/21
HEST: 13/25
THUNDER: 18/23
PathoROB: 4/23
PFM-DenseBench: 8/17
🥉BC Survival: 3/13
Paper
Code
Weights

CTransPath

Sichuan University

Open Source
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
Swin-T/4
Parameters
28M
Training Method
SRCL
Training Data
30K+ WSIs
Release Date
2022-04

Benchmark Rankings

HKUST PathBench: 15/21
Stanford PathBench: 22/22
HEST: 23/25
Sinai SSL: 10/11
STAMP: 7/13
PathoROB: 18/23
BC Survival: 11/13
Paper
Code

EXAONEPath

LG AI Research

Non-Commercial
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-B/16
Parameters
86M
Training Method
DINOv2
Training Data
30K+ WSIs
Release Date
2024-08

Benchmark Rankings

Stanford PathBench: 8/22
Paper
Weights

GenBio-PathFM

GenBio AI

Non-Commercial
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-g/16
Parameters
1.1B
Training Method
DINOv3 + JEPA
Training Data
177k+ WSIs
Release Date
2026-03

Benchmark Rankings

🥈THUNDER: 2/23
🥈PathoROB: 2/23
🥈Plismbench: 2/16
Paper
Code
Weights

GPFM

HKUST

Non-Commercial
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
ViT-L/14
Parameters
303M
Training Method
DINOv2 (distillation)
Training Data
72K+ WSIs
Release Date
2024-07

Benchmark Rankings

HKUST PathBench: 7/21
Stanford PathBench: 9/22
HEST: 12/25
Plismbench: 11/16
Paper
Code
Weights

H-optimus-0

Bioptimus

Open Source
Blog
Architecture
ViT-g/14
Parameters
1.1B
Training Method
DINOv2
Training Data
500K+ WSIs
Release Date
2024-07

Benchmark Rankings

EVA: 4/15
🥉HKUST PathBench: 3/21
🥉Stanford PathBench: 3/22
🥈HEST: 2/25
Patho-Bench: 5/5
🥇Sinai SSL: 1/11
STAMP: 5/13
THUNDER: 9/23
PathoROB: 9/23
Plismbench: 4/16
🥇PFM-DenseBench: 1/17
BC Survival: 4/13
Blog
Weights

H-optimus-1

Bioptimus

Non-Commercial
Blog
Architecture
ViT-g/14
Parameters
1.1B
Training Method
DINOv2
Training Data
1M+ WSIs
Release Date
2025-03

Benchmark Rankings

🥇HKUST PathBench: 1/21
🥇HEST: 1/25
THUNDER: 7/23
PathoROB: 8/23
🥈PFM-DenseBench: 2/17
🥇BC Survival: 1/13
Blog
Weights

H0-mini

Bioptimus

Non-Commercial
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
ViT-B/14
Parameters
86M
Training Method
DINOv2 (distillation)
Training Data
6K+ WSIs
Release Date
2025-01

Benchmark Rankings

Stanford PathBench: 6/22
HEST: 6/25
THUNDER: 4/23
PathoROB: 6/23
🥇Plismbench: 1/16
🥈BC Survival: 2/13
Paper
Weights

Hibou-B

Hist.ai

Open Source
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-B/14
Parameters
86M
Training Method
DINOv2
Training Data
1M+ WSIs
Release Date
2024-06

Benchmark Rankings

STAMP: 10/13
THUNDER: 11/23
Paper
Weights

Hibou-L

Hist.ai

Open Source
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-L/14
Parameters
307M
Training Method
DINOv2
Training Data
1M+ WSIs
Release Date
2024-06

Benchmark Rankings

EVA: 8/15
HKUST PathBench: 18/21
Stanford PathBench: 10/22
HEST: 9/25
STAMP: 7/13
THUNDER: 11/23
Plismbench: 16/16
PFM-DenseBench: 9/17
Paper
Weights

HIPT

Mahmood Lab

Non-Commercial
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
ViT-S/16
Parameters
21M
Training Method
DINO
Training Data
10K+ WSIs
Release Date
2022-06

Benchmark Rankings

Stanford PathBench: 17/22
PathoROB: 13/23
Paper
Code

Kaiko ViT-B/16

kaiko.ai

Non-Commercial
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-B/16
Parameters
86M
Training Method
DINO
Training Data
29K+ WSIs
Release Date
2024-04

Benchmark Rankings

EVA: 10/15
HEST: 19/25
THUNDER: 14/23
Paper
Code
Weights

Kaiko ViT-B/8

kaiko.ai

Non-Commercial
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-B/8
Parameters
86M
Training Method
DINO
Training Data
29K+ WSIs
Release Date
2024-04

Benchmark Rankings

EVA: 6/15
Stanford PathBench: 14/22
HEST: 15/25
PathoROB: 15/23
Plismbench: 9/16
Paper
Code
Weights

Kaiko ViT-L/14

kaiko.ai

Non-Commercial
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-L/14
Parameters
307M
Training Method
DINOv2
Training Data
29K+ WSIs
Release Date
2024-04

Benchmark Rankings

EVA: 7/15
HEST: 20/25
STAMP: 11/13
Plismbench: 14/16
PFM-DenseBench: 5/17
Paper
Code
Weights

Kaiko ViT-S/16

kaiko.ai

Non-Commercial
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-S/16
Parameters
22M
Training Method
DINO
Training Data
29K+ WSIs
Release Date
2024-04

Benchmark Rankings

EVA: 14/15
HEST: 22/25
THUNDER: 17/23
Paper
Code
Weights

Kaiko ViT-S/8

kaiko.ai

Non-Commercial
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-S/8
Parameters
22M
Training Method
DINO
Training Data
29K+ WSIs
Release Date
2024-04

Benchmark Rankings

EVA: 12/15
HEST: 21/25
Paper
Code
Weights

KEEP

Shanghai University and others

Open Source
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-L/16
Parameters
307M
Training Method
CLIP
Training Data
143K+ image-caption groups
Release Date
2024-12

Benchmark Rankings

THUNDER: 8/23
Paper
Code
Weights
Dataset

Lunit ViT-S/16

Lunit

Non-Commercial
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
ViT-S/16
Parameters
22M
Training Method
DINO
Training Data
35K+ WSIs
Release Date
2023-06

Benchmark Rankings

EVA: 15/15
Stanford PathBench: 11/22
PathoROB: 19/23
Paper
Code
Weights

Lunit ViT-S/8

Lunit

Non-Commercial
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
ViT-S/8
Parameters
22M
Training Method
DINO
Training Data
35K+ WSIs
Release Date
2023-06

Benchmark Rankings

HEST: 17/25
STAMP: 4/13
PFM-DenseBench: 6/17
Paper
Code
Weights

MI-Zero (BioClinical)

Harvard Medical School

Non-Commercial
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-B/16
Parameters
86M
Training Method
CLIP
Training Data
33K image-caption pairs
Release Date
2023-06

Benchmark Rankings

Stanford PathBench: 20/22
Paper
Weights

MI-Zero (PubMed)

Harvard Medical School

Non-Commercial
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-B/16
Parameters
86M
Training Method
CLIP
Training Data
33K image-caption pairs
Release Date
2023-06

Benchmark Rankings

Stanford PathBench: 18/22
Paper
Weights

Midnight-12k

kaiko.ai

Non-Commercial
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
ViT-g/14
Parameters
1.1B
Training Method
DINOv2
Training Data
12K WSIs
Release Date
2025-04

Benchmark Rankings

🥉EVA: 3/15
HEST: 7/25
THUNDER: 5/23
Plismbench: 6/16
PFM-DenseBench: 16/17
Paper
Weights

mSTAR

Tsinghua / HKUST

Non-Commercial
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
ViT-L/14
Parameters
307M
Training Method
Contrastive (custom)
Training Data
26K WSIs
Release Date
2024-03

Benchmark Rankings

HKUST PathBench: 5/21
Paper
Code
Weights

MUSK

Stanford University

Non-Commercial
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
V-FFN
Parameters
202M
Training Method
CoCa, BEiT-3
Training Data
50M+ images
Release Date
2024-06

Benchmark Rankings

HKUST PathBench: 13/21
HEST: 24/25
THUNDER: 21/23
PathoROB: 12/23
PFM-DenseBench: 17/17
Paper
Code
Weights

OmiCLIP

Houston Methodist Research Institute

Non-Commercial
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
ViT-L/16
Parameters
306M
Training Method
CLIP
Training Data
1K+ WSIs
Release Date
2024-05

Benchmark Rankings

HKUST PathBench: 21/21
Paper
Code
Weights

OpenMidnight

Sophont AI

Open Source
Blog
Architecture
ViT-g/14
Parameters
1.1B
Training Method
DINOv2
Training Data
12K+ WSIs
Release Date
2025-11

Benchmark Rankings

HEST: 8/25
THUNDER: 15/23
Blog
Weights

Patho-CLIP

Sichuan University

Non-Commercial
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-L/14
Parameters
307M
Training Method
CLIP
Training Data
3.5M+ image-text pairs
Release Date
2025-06

Benchmark Rankings

HKUST PathBench: 16/21
Paper
Code
Weights

PathOrchestra

AI4Pathology

Non-Commercial
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-L/16
Parameters
307M
Training Method
DINOv2
Training Data
+300K WSIs
Release Date
2025-03

Benchmark Rankings

PFM-DenseBench: 15/17
Paper
Weights

Phikon

Owkin

Non-Commercial
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-B/16
Parameters
86M
Training Method
iBOT
Training Data
6K+ WSIs
Release Date
2023-11

Benchmark Rankings

EVA: 11/15
HKUST PathBench: 12/21
Stanford PathBench: 13/22
HEST: 18/25
Sinai SSL: 5/11
STAMP: 12/13
THUNDER: 19/23
PathoROB: 21/23
Plismbench: 13/16
PFM-DenseBench: 14/17
Paper
Code
Weights

Phikon-v2

Owkin

Non-Commercial
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-L/14
Parameters
307M
Training Method
DINOv2
Training Data
60K+ WSIs
Release Date
2024-09

Benchmark Rankings

EVA: 13/15
HKUST PathBench: 10/21
Stanford PathBench: 15/22
HEST: 14/25
Sinai SSL: 6/11
THUNDER: 20/23
PathoROB: 22/23
Plismbench: 15/16
PFM-DenseBench: 13/17
Paper
Weights

PLIP

Stanford

Open Source
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
ViT-B/32
Parameters
88M
Training Method
CLIP
Training Data
200K+ image-text pairs
Release Date
2023-07

Benchmark Rankings

HKUST PathBench: 19/21
Stanford PathBench: 19/22
STAMP: 13/13
THUNDER: 22/23
Plismbench: 12/16
Paper
Code
Weights

Prov-GigaPath

Microsoft

Open Source
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
ViT-g/14
Parameters
1.1B
Training Method
DINOv2
Training Data
171K WSIs
Release Date
2024-06

Benchmark Rankings

EVA: 9/15
HKUST PathBench: 8/21
Stanford PathBench: 4/22
HEST: 10/25
🥈Sinai SSL: 2/11
🥉STAMP: 3/13
THUNDER: 10/23
PathoROB: 14/23
Plismbench: 7/16
PFM-DenseBench: 10/17
BC Survival: 9/13
Paper
Code
Weights

QuiltNet

University of Washington

Open Source
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
ViT-B/32
Parameters
86M
Training Method
CLIP
Training Data
1M+ image-text pairs
Release Date
2023-06

Benchmark Rankings

Stanford PathBench: 21/22
THUNDER: 22/23
Paper
Code
Weights
Dataset

ResNet50 (ImageNet)

Meta AI

Open Source
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
ResNet-50
Parameters
25M
Training Method
Supervised
Training Data
ImageNet-1K
Release Date
2015-12

Benchmark Rankings

HKUST PathBench: 20/21
HEST: 25/25
Sinai SSL: 11/11
BC Survival: 13/13
Paper

RetCCL

Sichuan University

Open Source
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
ResNet-50
Parameters
23M
Training Method
Clustering-guided Contrastive Learning (CCL)
Training Data
22K+ WSIs
Release Date
2023-01

Benchmark Rankings

PathoROB: 17/23
BC Survival: 12/13
Paper
Weights

RudolfV

Aignostics

Closed Source
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-L/14
Parameters
307M
Training Method
DINOv2
Training Data
134K+ WSIs
Release Date
2024-06

Benchmark Rankings

PathoROB: 20/23
Paper

SP22M

Mount Sinai

Non-Commercial
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-S/16
Parameters
22M
Training Method
DINO
Training Data
423K+ WSIs
Release Date
2024-07

Benchmark Rankings

Sinai SSL: 8/11
Paper
Weights

SP85M

Mount Sinai

Non-Commercial
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-B/16
Parameters
85M
Training Method
DINO
Training Data
423K+ WSIs
Release Date
2024-07

Benchmark Rankings

Sinai SSL: 7/11
Paper
Weights

TITAN

Mahmood Lab

Non-Commercial
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
ViT-B/16
Parameters
85M
Training Method
iBOT, CoCa
Training Data
335K+ WSIs
Release Date
2024-07

Benchmark Rankings

Stanford PathBench: 16/22
Paper
Code
Weights

UNI

Mahmood Lab

Non-Commercial
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
ViT-L/16
Parameters
307M
Training Method
DINOv2
Training Data
100K+ WSIs
Release Date
2024-03

Benchmark Rankings

EVA: 5/15
HKUST PathBench: 6/21
🥈Stanford PathBench: 2/22
HEST: 11/25
🥉Sinai SSL: 3/11
STAMP: 6/13
THUNDER: 6/23
PathoROB: 16/23
Plismbench: 9/16
PFM-DenseBench: 7/17
BC Survival: 10/13
Paper
Code
Weights

UNI2

Mahmood Lab

Non-Commercial
Blog
Architecture
ViT-H/14
Parameters
682M
Training Method
DINOv2
Training Data
350K WSIs
Release Date
2025-01

Benchmark Rankings

🥈EVA: 2/15
HKUST PathBench: 4/21
Stanford PathBench: 5/22
🥉HEST: 3/25
🥉Patho-Bench: 3/5
🥇THUNDER: 1/23
PathoROB: 11/23
Plismbench: 8/16
🥉PFM-DenseBench: 3/17
BC Survival: 6/13
Blog
Code
Weights

Virchow

Paige AI

Open Source
Peer-reviewed
Architecture
ViT-H/14
Parameters
632M
Training Method
DINOv2
Training Data
1.5M WSIs
Release Date
2024-01

Benchmark Rankings

HKUST PathBench: 14/21
Stanford PathBench: 7/22
HEST: 4/25
Sinai SSL: 9/11
STAMP: 9/13
THUNDER: 13/23
PathoROB: 6/23
PFM-DenseBench: 4/17
BC Survival: 7/13
Paper
Weights

Virchow2

Paige AI

Non-Commercial
Preprint
Architecture
ViT-H/14
Parameters
632M
Training Method
DINOv2
Training Data
3M+ WSIs
Release Date
2024-08

Benchmark Rankings

🥇EVA: 1/15
🥈HKUST PathBench: 2/21
🥇Stanford PathBench: 1/22
HEST: 5/25
🥈Patho-Bench: 2/5
Sinai SSL: 4/11
🥈STAMP: 2/13
🥈THUNDER: 2/23
🥉PathoROB: 3/23
Plismbench: 5/16
PFM-DenseBench: 12/17
BC Survival: 5/13
Paper
Weights