Leaderboard

An overview of pathology foundation models performance across multiple benchmarks

(48/48 models)

Model
Virchow2NC ViT-H/14 (632M)	5/13	1/15	5/25	2/21	2/5	3/23	12/17	5/16	4/11	2/13	1/22	2/23	12
H-optimus-0Open ViT-g/14 (1.1B)	4/13	4/15	2/25	3/21	5/5	9/23	1/17	4/16	1/11	5/13	3/22	9/23	12
UNINC ViT-L/16 (307M)	10/13	5/15	11/25	6/21	-	16/23	7/17	9/16	3/11	6/13	2/22	6/23	11
Prov-GigaPathOpen ViT-g/14 (1.1B)	9/13	9/15	10/25	8/21	-	14/23	10/17	7/16	2/11	3/13	4/22	10/23	11
UNI2NC ViT-H/14 (682M)	6/13	2/15	3/25	4/21	3/5	11/23	3/17	8/16	-	-	5/22	1/23	10
PhikonNC ViT-B/16 (86M)	-	11/15	18/25	12/21	-	21/23	14/17	13/16	5/11	12/13	13/22	19/23	10
CONCHNC ViT-B/16 (86M)	8/13	-	16/25	9/21	-	10/23	11/17	3/16	-	1/13	12/22	16/23	9
Phikon-v2NC ViT-L/14 (307M)	-	13/15	14/25	10/21	-	22/23	13/17	15/16	6/11	-	15/22	20/23	9
VirchowOpen ViT-H/14 (632M)	7/13	-	4/25	14/21	-	6/23	4/17	-	9/11	9/13	7/22	13/23	9
Hibou-LOpen ViT-L/14 (307M)	-	8/15	9/25	18/21	-	-	9/17	16/16	-	7/13	10/22	11/23	8
CTransPathOpen Swin-T/4 (28M)	11/13	-	23/25	15/21	-	18/23	-	-	10/11	8/13	22/22	-	7
H-optimus-1NC ViT-g/14 (1.1B)	1/13	-	1/25	1/21	-	8/23	2/17	-	-	-	-	7/23	6
CONCH 1.5NC ViT-L/16 (307M)	3/13	-	13/25	11/21	-	4/23	8/17	-	-	-	-	18/23	6
H0-miniNC ViT-B/14 (86M)	2/13	-	6/25	-	-	7/23	-	1/16	-	-	6/22	4/23	6
MUSKNC V-FFN (202M)	-	-	24/25	13/21	-	12/23	17/17	-	-	-	-	21/23	5
PLIPOpen ViT-B/32 (88M)	-	-	-	19/21	-	-	-	12/16	-	13/13	19/22	22/23	5
Midnight-12kNC ViT-g/14 (1.1B)	-	3/15	7/25	-	-	-	16/17	6/16	-	-	-	5/23	5
Kaiko ViT-B/8NC ViT-B/8 (86M)	-	6/15	15/25	-	-	15/23	-	10/16	-	-	14/22	-	5
Kaiko ViT-L/14NC ViT-L/14 (307M)	-	7/15	20/25	-	-	-	5/17	14/16	-	11/13	-	-	5
GPFMNC ViT-L/14 (303M)	-	-	12/25	7/21	-	-	-	11/16	-	-	9/22	-	4
ResNet50 (ImageNet)Open ResNet-50 (25M)	13/13	-	25/25	20/21	-	-	-	-	11/11	-	-	-	4
Kaiko ViT-B/16NC ViT-B/16 (86M)	-	10/15	19/25	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	14/23	3
Kaiko ViT-S/16NC ViT-S/16 (22M)	-	14/15	22/25	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	17/23	3
Lunit ViT-S/16NC ViT-S/16 (22M)	-	15/15	-	-	-	19/23	-	-	-	-	11/22	-	3
Lunit ViT-S/8NC ViT-S/8 (22M)	-	-	17/25	-	-	-	6/17	-	-	4/13	-	-	3
GenBio-PathFMNC ViT-g/16 (1.1B)	-	-	-	-	-	2/23	-	2/16	-	-	-	3/23	3
Kaiko ViT-S/8NC ViT-S/8 (22M)	-	12/15	21/25	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2
HIPTNC ViT-S/16 (21M)	-	-	-	-	-	13/23	-	-	-	-	17/22	-	2
QuiltNetOpen ViT-B/32 (86M)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	21/22	23/23	2
Atlas 2Closed ViT-G/8 (2.0B)	-	-	-	-	1/5	1/23	-	-	-	-	-	-	2
AtlasClosed ViT-H/14 (632M)	-	-	-	-	4/5	5/23	-	-	-	-	-	-	2
Hibou-BOpen ViT-B/14 (86M)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	10/13	-	12/23	2
OpenMidnightOpen ViT-g/14 (1.1B)	-	-	8/25	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	15/23	2
RetCCLOpen ResNet-50 (23M)	12/13	-	-	-	-	17/23	-	-	-	-	-	-	2
mSTARNC ViT-L/14 (307M)	-	-	-	5/21	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1
Patho-CLIPNC ViT-L/14 (307M)	-	-	-	16/21	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1
OmiCLIPNC ViT-L/16 (306M)	-	-	-	21/21	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1
TITANNC ViT-B/16 (85M)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	16/22	-	1
KEEPOpen ViT-L/16 (307M)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8/23	1
CHIEFOpen Swin-T (CTransPath) (28M)	-	-	-	17/21	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1
CigaOpen ResNet-18 (11.7M)	-	-	-	-	-	23/23	-	-	-	-	-	-	1
RudolfVClosed ViT-L/14 (307M)	-	-	-	-	-	20/23	-	-	-	-	-	-	1
SP22MNC ViT-S/16 (22M)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8/11	-	-	-	1
SP85MNC ViT-B/16 (85M)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7/11	-	-	-	1
MI-Zero (BioClinical)NC ViT-B/16 (86M)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	20/22	-	1
MI-Zero (PubMed)NC ViT-B/16 (86M)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	18/22	-	1
EXAONEPathNC ViT-B/16 (86M)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8/22	-	1
PathOrchestraNC ViT-L/16 (307M)	-	-	-	-	-	-	15/17	-	-	-	-	-	1

Direct comparison

Compare pathology foundation models on a common set of benchmarks

Robustness:

Performance:

Models:

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13 models with data for all selected benchmarks.

Scaling laws

Explore how model size correlates with performance or robustness across benchmarks

Benchmarks:

Models:

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Linear regression: R² = 0.210

13 models with data for all selected benchmarks.